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Showing posts from November, 2008

World Famous Ellora Caves In India

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Ellora Cave 16Th This Picture is from Ellora Cave No.16 which show a marriage ceremony of Shiva and Parvati in the first picture of the back wall in which Shiv and Parvati have their hand in hand in which marriage ritchgval is perform by Brahma .Parvati has leg ring in only one leg.The face of both looks Innocent and exited.

Great Minds

Abbe, Ernst born Jan. 23, 1840, Eisenach, Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach died Jan. 14, 1905, Jena, Ger. physicist whose theoretical and technical innovations in optical theory led to great improvements in microscope design (such as the use of a condenser to provide strong, even illumination, introduced in 1870) and clearer understanding of magnification limits. He discovered the optical formula now called the Abbe sine condition, one of the requirements that a lens must satisfy if it is to form a sharp image, free from the blurring or distortion caused by coma and spherical aberration. In 1863 he joined the University of Jena, rising to professor of physics and mathematics (1870) and director of the astronomical and meteorological observatories (1878). In 1866 he became research director of the Zeiss optical works. Two years later Abbe invented the apochromatic lens system for microscopes, which eliminates both the primary and secondary colour distortion of light. In 1891 Abbe set

Retrovirus: cancer cell formation

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Retro viral insertion can convert a proto-oncogene, integral to the control of cell division, into an oncogene, the agent responsible for transforming a healthy cell into a cancer cell. An acutely transforming retrovirus (shown at top), which produces tumours within weeks of infection, incorporates genetic material from a host cell into its own genome upon infection, forming a viral oncogene. When the viral oncogene infects another cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase copies the single-stranded genetic material into double-stranded DNA, which is then integrated into the cellular genome. A slowly transforming retrovirus (shown at bottom), which requires months to elicit tumour growth, does not disrupt cellular function through the insertion of a viral oncogene. Rather, it carries a promotor gene that is integrated into the cellular genome of the host cell next to or within a proto-oncogene, allowing conversion of the proto-oncogene to an oncogene.

DNA: protein synthesis

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DNA in the cell nucleus carries a genetic code, which consists of sequences of adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) (Figure 1). RNA, which contains uracil (U) instead of thymine, carries the code to protein-making sites in the cell. To make RNA, DNA pairs its bases with those of the “free” nucleotides (Figure 2). Messenger RNA (mRNA) then travels to the ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs (Figure 3). The base triplets of transfer RNA (tRNA) pair with those of mRNA and at the same time deposit their amino acids on the growing protein chain. Finally, the synthesized protein is released to perform its task in the cell or elsewhere in the body.